diff --git a/src/kernel/linux/v4.14/mm/gup.c b/src/kernel/linux/v4.14/mm/gup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12b9626
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kernel/linux/v4.14/mm/gup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1898 @@
+#include <linux/kernel.h>
+#include <linux/errno.h>
+#include <linux/err.h>
+#include <linux/spinlock.h>
+
+#include <linux/mm.h>
+#include <linux/memremap.h>
+#include <linux/pagemap.h>
+#include <linux/rmap.h>
+#include <linux/swap.h>
+#include <linux/swapops.h>
+
+#include <linux/sched/signal.h>
+#include <linux/rwsem.h>
+#include <linux/hugetlb.h>
+
+#include <asm/mmu_context.h>
+#include <asm/pgtable.h>
+#include <asm/tlbflush.h>
+
+#include "internal.h"
+
+static struct page *no_page_table(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
+		unsigned int flags)
+{
+	/*
+	 * When core dumping an enormous anonymous area that nobody
+	 * has touched so far, we don't want to allocate unnecessary pages or
+	 * page tables.  Return error instead of NULL to skip handle_mm_fault,
+	 * then get_dump_page() will return NULL to leave a hole in the dump.
+	 * But we can only make this optimization where a hole would surely
+	 * be zero-filled if handle_mm_fault() actually did handle it.
+	 */
+	if ((flags & FOLL_DUMP) && (!vma->vm_ops || !vma->vm_ops->fault))
+		return ERR_PTR(-EFAULT);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static int follow_pfn_pte(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address,
+		pte_t *pte, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	/* No page to get reference */
+	if (flags & FOLL_GET)
+		return -EFAULT;
+
+	if (flags & FOLL_TOUCH) {
+		pte_t entry = *pte;
+
+		if (flags & FOLL_WRITE)
+			entry = pte_mkdirty(entry);
+		entry = pte_mkyoung(entry);
+
+		if (!pte_same(*pte, entry)) {
+			set_pte_at(vma->vm_mm, address, pte, entry);
+			update_mmu_cache(vma, address, pte);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Proper page table entry exists, but no corresponding struct page */
+	return -EEXIST;
+}
+
+/*
+ * FOLL_FORCE can write to even unwritable pte's, but only
+ * after we've gone through a COW cycle and they are dirty.
+ */
+static inline bool can_follow_write_pte(pte_t pte, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	return pte_write(pte) ||
+		((flags & FOLL_FORCE) && (flags & FOLL_COW) && pte_dirty(pte));
+}
+
+static struct page *follow_page_pte(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
+		unsigned long address, pmd_t *pmd, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
+	struct dev_pagemap *pgmap = NULL;
+	struct page *page;
+	spinlock_t *ptl;
+	pte_t *ptep, pte;
+
+retry:
+	if (unlikely(pmd_bad(*pmd)))
+		return no_page_table(vma, flags);
+
+	ptep = pte_offset_map_lock(mm, pmd, address, &ptl);
+	pte = *ptep;
+	if (!pte_present(pte)) {
+		swp_entry_t entry;
+		/*
+		 * KSM's break_ksm() relies upon recognizing a ksm page
+		 * even while it is being migrated, so for that case we
+		 * need migration_entry_wait().
+		 */
+		if (likely(!(flags & FOLL_MIGRATION)))
+			goto no_page;
+		if (pte_none(pte))
+			goto no_page;
+		entry = pte_to_swp_entry(pte);
+		if (!is_migration_entry(entry))
+			goto no_page;
+		pte_unmap_unlock(ptep, ptl);
+		migration_entry_wait(mm, pmd, address);
+		goto retry;
+	}
+	if ((flags & FOLL_NUMA) && pte_protnone(pte))
+		goto no_page;
+	if ((flags & FOLL_WRITE) && !can_follow_write_pte(pte, flags)) {
+		pte_unmap_unlock(ptep, ptl);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	page = vm_normal_page(vma, address, pte);
+	if (!page && pte_devmap(pte) && (flags & FOLL_GET)) {
+		/*
+		 * Only return device mapping pages in the FOLL_GET case since
+		 * they are only valid while holding the pgmap reference.
+		 */
+		pgmap = get_dev_pagemap(pte_pfn(pte), NULL);
+		if (pgmap)
+			page = pte_page(pte);
+		else
+			goto no_page;
+	} else if (unlikely(!page)) {
+		if (flags & FOLL_DUMP) {
+			/* Avoid special (like zero) pages in core dumps */
+			page = ERR_PTR(-EFAULT);
+			goto out;
+		}
+
+		if (is_zero_pfn(pte_pfn(pte))) {
+			page = pte_page(pte);
+		} else {
+			int ret;
+
+			ret = follow_pfn_pte(vma, address, ptep, flags);
+			page = ERR_PTR(ret);
+			goto out;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (flags & FOLL_SPLIT && PageTransCompound(page)) {
+		int ret;
+		get_page(page);
+		pte_unmap_unlock(ptep, ptl);
+		lock_page(page);
+		ret = split_huge_page(page);
+		unlock_page(page);
+		put_page(page);
+		if (ret)
+			return ERR_PTR(ret);
+		goto retry;
+	}
+
+	if (flags & FOLL_GET) {
+		if (unlikely(!try_get_page(page))) {
+			page = ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
+			goto out;
+		}
+
+		/* drop the pgmap reference now that we hold the page */
+		if (pgmap) {
+			put_dev_pagemap(pgmap);
+			pgmap = NULL;
+		}
+	}
+	if (flags & FOLL_TOUCH) {
+		if ((flags & FOLL_WRITE) &&
+		    !pte_dirty(pte) && !PageDirty(page))
+			set_page_dirty(page);
+		/*
+		 * pte_mkyoung() would be more correct here, but atomic care
+		 * is needed to avoid losing the dirty bit: it is easier to use
+		 * mark_page_accessed().
+		 */
+		mark_page_accessed(page);
+	}
+	if ((flags & FOLL_MLOCK) && (vma->vm_flags & VM_LOCKED)) {
+		/* Do not mlock pte-mapped THP */
+		if (PageTransCompound(page))
+			goto out;
+
+		/*
+		 * The preliminary mapping check is mainly to avoid the
+		 * pointless overhead of lock_page on the ZERO_PAGE
+		 * which might bounce very badly if there is contention.
+		 *
+		 * If the page is already locked, we don't need to
+		 * handle it now - vmscan will handle it later if and
+		 * when it attempts to reclaim the page.
+		 */
+		if (page->mapping && trylock_page(page)) {
+			lru_add_drain();  /* push cached pages to LRU */
+			/*
+			 * Because we lock page here, and migration is
+			 * blocked by the pte's page reference, and we
+			 * know the page is still mapped, we don't even
+			 * need to check for file-cache page truncation.
+			 */
+			mlock_vma_page(page);
+			unlock_page(page);
+		}
+	}
+out:
+	pte_unmap_unlock(ptep, ptl);
+	return page;
+no_page:
+	pte_unmap_unlock(ptep, ptl);
+	if (!pte_none(pte))
+		return NULL;
+	return no_page_table(vma, flags);
+}
+
+static struct page *follow_pmd_mask(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
+				    unsigned long address, pud_t *pudp,
+				    unsigned int flags, unsigned int *page_mask)
+{
+	pmd_t *pmd;
+	spinlock_t *ptl;
+	struct page *page;
+	struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
+
+	pmd = pmd_offset(pudp, address);
+	if (pmd_none(*pmd))
+		return no_page_table(vma, flags);
+	if (pmd_huge(*pmd) && vma->vm_flags & VM_HUGETLB) {
+		page = follow_huge_pmd(mm, address, pmd, flags);
+		if (page)
+			return page;
+		return no_page_table(vma, flags);
+	}
+	if (is_hugepd(__hugepd(pmd_val(*pmd)))) {
+		page = follow_huge_pd(vma, address,
+				      __hugepd(pmd_val(*pmd)), flags,
+				      PMD_SHIFT);
+		if (page)
+			return page;
+		return no_page_table(vma, flags);
+	}
+retry:
+	if (!pmd_present(*pmd)) {
+		if (likely(!(flags & FOLL_MIGRATION)))
+			return no_page_table(vma, flags);
+		VM_BUG_ON(thp_migration_supported() &&
+				  !is_pmd_migration_entry(*pmd));
+		if (is_pmd_migration_entry(*pmd))
+			pmd_migration_entry_wait(mm, pmd);
+		goto retry;
+	}
+	if (pmd_devmap(*pmd)) {
+		ptl = pmd_lock(mm, pmd);
+		page = follow_devmap_pmd(vma, address, pmd, flags);
+		spin_unlock(ptl);
+		if (page)
+			return page;
+	}
+	if (likely(!pmd_trans_huge(*pmd)))
+		return follow_page_pte(vma, address, pmd, flags);
+
+	if ((flags & FOLL_NUMA) && pmd_protnone(*pmd))
+		return no_page_table(vma, flags);
+
+retry_locked:
+	ptl = pmd_lock(mm, pmd);
+	if (unlikely(!pmd_present(*pmd))) {
+		spin_unlock(ptl);
+		if (likely(!(flags & FOLL_MIGRATION)))
+			return no_page_table(vma, flags);
+		pmd_migration_entry_wait(mm, pmd);
+		goto retry_locked;
+	}
+	if (unlikely(!pmd_trans_huge(*pmd))) {
+		spin_unlock(ptl);
+		return follow_page_pte(vma, address, pmd, flags);
+	}
+	if (flags & FOLL_SPLIT) {
+		int ret;
+		page = pmd_page(*pmd);
+		if (is_huge_zero_page(page)) {
+			spin_unlock(ptl);
+			ret = 0;
+			split_huge_pmd(vma, pmd, address);
+			if (pmd_trans_unstable(pmd))
+				ret = -EBUSY;
+		} else {
+			if (unlikely(!try_get_page(page))) {
+				spin_unlock(ptl);
+				return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
+			}
+			spin_unlock(ptl);
+			lock_page(page);
+			ret = split_huge_page(page);
+			unlock_page(page);
+			put_page(page);
+			if (pmd_none(*pmd))
+				return no_page_table(vma, flags);
+		}
+
+		return ret ? ERR_PTR(ret) :
+			follow_page_pte(vma, address, pmd, flags);
+	}
+	page = follow_trans_huge_pmd(vma, address, pmd, flags);
+	spin_unlock(ptl);
+	*page_mask = HPAGE_PMD_NR - 1;
+	return page;
+}
+
+
+static struct page *follow_pud_mask(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
+				    unsigned long address, p4d_t *p4dp,
+				    unsigned int flags, unsigned int *page_mask)
+{
+	pud_t *pud;
+	spinlock_t *ptl;
+	struct page *page;
+	struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
+
+	pud = pud_offset(p4dp, address);
+	if (pud_none(*pud))
+		return no_page_table(vma, flags);
+	if (pud_huge(*pud) && vma->vm_flags & VM_HUGETLB) {
+		page = follow_huge_pud(mm, address, pud, flags);
+		if (page)
+			return page;
+		return no_page_table(vma, flags);
+	}
+	if (is_hugepd(__hugepd(pud_val(*pud)))) {
+		page = follow_huge_pd(vma, address,
+				      __hugepd(pud_val(*pud)), flags,
+				      PUD_SHIFT);
+		if (page)
+			return page;
+		return no_page_table(vma, flags);
+	}
+	if (pud_devmap(*pud)) {
+		ptl = pud_lock(mm, pud);
+		page = follow_devmap_pud(vma, address, pud, flags);
+		spin_unlock(ptl);
+		if (page)
+			return page;
+	}
+	if (unlikely(pud_bad(*pud)))
+		return no_page_table(vma, flags);
+
+	return follow_pmd_mask(vma, address, pud, flags, page_mask);
+}
+
+
+static struct page *follow_p4d_mask(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
+				    unsigned long address, pgd_t *pgdp,
+				    unsigned int flags, unsigned int *page_mask)
+{
+	p4d_t *p4d;
+	struct page *page;
+
+	p4d = p4d_offset(pgdp, address);
+	if (p4d_none(*p4d))
+		return no_page_table(vma, flags);
+	BUILD_BUG_ON(p4d_huge(*p4d));
+	if (unlikely(p4d_bad(*p4d)))
+		return no_page_table(vma, flags);
+
+	if (is_hugepd(__hugepd(p4d_val(*p4d)))) {
+		page = follow_huge_pd(vma, address,
+				      __hugepd(p4d_val(*p4d)), flags,
+				      P4D_SHIFT);
+		if (page)
+			return page;
+		return no_page_table(vma, flags);
+	}
+	return follow_pud_mask(vma, address, p4d, flags, page_mask);
+}
+
+/**
+ * follow_page_mask - look up a page descriptor from a user-virtual address
+ * @vma: vm_area_struct mapping @address
+ * @address: virtual address to look up
+ * @flags: flags modifying lookup behaviour
+ * @page_mask: on output, *page_mask is set according to the size of the page
+ *
+ * @flags can have FOLL_ flags set, defined in <linux/mm.h>
+ *
+ * Returns the mapped (struct page *), %NULL if no mapping exists, or
+ * an error pointer if there is a mapping to something not represented
+ * by a page descriptor (see also vm_normal_page()).
+ */
+struct page *follow_page_mask(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
+			      unsigned long address, unsigned int flags,
+			      unsigned int *page_mask)
+{
+	pgd_t *pgd;
+	struct page *page;
+	struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
+
+	*page_mask = 0;
+
+	/* make this handle hugepd */
+	page = follow_huge_addr(mm, address, flags & FOLL_WRITE);
+	if (!IS_ERR(page)) {
+		BUG_ON(flags & FOLL_GET);
+		return page;
+	}
+
+	pgd = pgd_offset(mm, address);
+
+	if (pgd_none(*pgd) || unlikely(pgd_bad(*pgd)))
+		return no_page_table(vma, flags);
+
+	if (pgd_huge(*pgd)) {
+		page = follow_huge_pgd(mm, address, pgd, flags);
+		if (page)
+			return page;
+		return no_page_table(vma, flags);
+	}
+	if (is_hugepd(__hugepd(pgd_val(*pgd)))) {
+		page = follow_huge_pd(vma, address,
+				      __hugepd(pgd_val(*pgd)), flags,
+				      PGDIR_SHIFT);
+		if (page)
+			return page;
+		return no_page_table(vma, flags);
+	}
+
+	return follow_p4d_mask(vma, address, pgd, flags, page_mask);
+}
+
+static int get_gate_page(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long address,
+		unsigned int gup_flags, struct vm_area_struct **vma,
+		struct page **page)
+{
+	pgd_t *pgd;
+	p4d_t *p4d;
+	pud_t *pud;
+	pmd_t *pmd;
+	pte_t *pte;
+	int ret = -EFAULT;
+
+	/* user gate pages are read-only */
+	if (gup_flags & FOLL_WRITE)
+		return -EFAULT;
+	if (address > TASK_SIZE)
+		pgd = pgd_offset_k(address);
+	else
+		pgd = pgd_offset_gate(mm, address);
+	if (pgd_none(*pgd))
+		return -EFAULT;
+	p4d = p4d_offset(pgd, address);
+	if (p4d_none(*p4d))
+		return -EFAULT;
+	pud = pud_offset(p4d, address);
+	if (pud_none(*pud))
+		return -EFAULT;
+	pmd = pmd_offset(pud, address);
+	if (!pmd_present(*pmd))
+		return -EFAULT;
+	VM_BUG_ON(pmd_trans_huge(*pmd));
+	pte = pte_offset_map(pmd, address);
+	if (pte_none(*pte))
+		goto unmap;
+	*vma = get_gate_vma(mm);
+	if (!page)
+		goto out;
+	*page = vm_normal_page(*vma, address, *pte);
+	if (!*page) {
+		if ((gup_flags & FOLL_DUMP) || !is_zero_pfn(pte_pfn(*pte)))
+			goto unmap;
+		*page = pte_page(*pte);
+
+		/*
+		 * This should never happen (a device public page in the gate
+		 * area).
+		 */
+		if (is_device_public_page(*page))
+			goto unmap;
+	}
+	if (unlikely(!try_get_page(*page))) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto unmap;
+	}
+out:
+	ret = 0;
+unmap:
+	pte_unmap(pte);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * mmap_sem must be held on entry.  If @nonblocking != NULL and
+ * *@flags does not include FOLL_NOWAIT, the mmap_sem may be released.
+ * If it is, *@nonblocking will be set to 0 and -EBUSY returned.
+ */
+static int faultin_page(struct task_struct *tsk, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
+		unsigned long address, unsigned int *flags, int *nonblocking)
+{
+	unsigned int fault_flags = 0;
+	int ret;
+
+	/* mlock all present pages, but do not fault in new pages */
+	if ((*flags & (FOLL_POPULATE | FOLL_MLOCK)) == FOLL_MLOCK)
+		return -ENOENT;
+	if (*flags & FOLL_WRITE)
+		fault_flags |= FAULT_FLAG_WRITE;
+	if (*flags & FOLL_REMOTE)
+		fault_flags |= FAULT_FLAG_REMOTE;
+	if (nonblocking)
+		fault_flags |= FAULT_FLAG_ALLOW_RETRY;
+	if (*flags & FOLL_NOWAIT)
+		fault_flags |= FAULT_FLAG_ALLOW_RETRY | FAULT_FLAG_RETRY_NOWAIT;
+	if (*flags & FOLL_TRIED) {
+		VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(fault_flags & FAULT_FLAG_ALLOW_RETRY);
+		fault_flags |= FAULT_FLAG_TRIED;
+	}
+
+	ret = handle_mm_fault(vma, address, fault_flags);
+	if (ret & VM_FAULT_ERROR) {
+		int err = vm_fault_to_errno(ret, *flags);
+
+		if (err)
+			return err;
+		BUG();
+	}
+
+	if (tsk) {
+		if (ret & VM_FAULT_MAJOR)
+			tsk->maj_flt++;
+		else
+			tsk->min_flt++;
+	}
+
+	if (ret & VM_FAULT_RETRY) {
+		if (nonblocking)
+			*nonblocking = 0;
+		return -EBUSY;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * The VM_FAULT_WRITE bit tells us that do_wp_page has broken COW when
+	 * necessary, even if maybe_mkwrite decided not to set pte_write. We
+	 * can thus safely do subsequent page lookups as if they were reads.
+	 * But only do so when looping for pte_write is futile: in some cases
+	 * userspace may also be wanting to write to the gotten user page,
+	 * which a read fault here might prevent (a readonly page might get
+	 * reCOWed by userspace write).
+	 */
+	if ((ret & VM_FAULT_WRITE) && !(vma->vm_flags & VM_WRITE))
+	        *flags |= FOLL_COW;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int check_vma_flags(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long gup_flags)
+{
+	vm_flags_t vm_flags = vma->vm_flags;
+	int write = (gup_flags & FOLL_WRITE);
+	int foreign = (gup_flags & FOLL_REMOTE);
+
+	if (vm_flags & (VM_IO | VM_PFNMAP))
+		return -EFAULT;
+
+	if (gup_flags & FOLL_ANON && !vma_is_anonymous(vma))
+		return -EFAULT;
+
+	if (write) {
+		if (!(vm_flags & VM_WRITE)) {
+			if (!(gup_flags & FOLL_FORCE))
+				return -EFAULT;
+			/*
+			 * We used to let the write,force case do COW in a
+			 * VM_MAYWRITE VM_SHARED !VM_WRITE vma, so ptrace could
+			 * set a breakpoint in a read-only mapping of an
+			 * executable, without corrupting the file (yet only
+			 * when that file had been opened for writing!).
+			 * Anon pages in shared mappings are surprising: now
+			 * just reject it.
+			 */
+			if (!is_cow_mapping(vm_flags))
+				return -EFAULT;
+		}
+	} else if (!(vm_flags & VM_READ)) {
+		if (!(gup_flags & FOLL_FORCE))
+			return -EFAULT;
+		/*
+		 * Is there actually any vma we can reach here which does not
+		 * have VM_MAYREAD set?
+		 */
+		if (!(vm_flags & VM_MAYREAD))
+			return -EFAULT;
+	}
+	/*
+	 * gups are always data accesses, not instruction
+	 * fetches, so execute=false here
+	 */
+	if (!arch_vma_access_permitted(vma, write, false, foreign))
+		return -EFAULT;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * __get_user_pages() - pin user pages in memory
+ * @tsk:	task_struct of target task
+ * @mm:		mm_struct of target mm
+ * @start:	starting user address
+ * @nr_pages:	number of pages from start to pin
+ * @gup_flags:	flags modifying pin behaviour
+ * @pages:	array that receives pointers to the pages pinned.
+ *		Should be at least nr_pages long. Or NULL, if caller
+ *		only intends to ensure the pages are faulted in.
+ * @vmas:	array of pointers to vmas corresponding to each page.
+ *		Or NULL if the caller does not require them.
+ * @nonblocking: whether waiting for disk IO or mmap_sem contention
+ *
+ * Returns number of pages pinned. This may be fewer than the number
+ * requested. If nr_pages is 0 or negative, returns 0. If no pages
+ * were pinned, returns -errno. Each page returned must be released
+ * with a put_page() call when it is finished with. vmas will only
+ * remain valid while mmap_sem is held.
+ *
+ * Must be called with mmap_sem held.  It may be released.  See below.
+ *
+ * __get_user_pages walks a process's page tables and takes a reference to
+ * each struct page that each user address corresponds to at a given
+ * instant. That is, it takes the page that would be accessed if a user
+ * thread accesses the given user virtual address at that instant.
+ *
+ * This does not guarantee that the page exists in the user mappings when
+ * __get_user_pages returns, and there may even be a completely different
+ * page there in some cases (eg. if mmapped pagecache has been invalidated
+ * and subsequently re faulted). However it does guarantee that the page
+ * won't be freed completely. And mostly callers simply care that the page
+ * contains data that was valid *at some point in time*. Typically, an IO
+ * or similar operation cannot guarantee anything stronger anyway because
+ * locks can't be held over the syscall boundary.
+ *
+ * If @gup_flags & FOLL_WRITE == 0, the page must not be written to. If
+ * the page is written to, set_page_dirty (or set_page_dirty_lock, as
+ * appropriate) must be called after the page is finished with, and
+ * before put_page is called.
+ *
+ * If @nonblocking != NULL, __get_user_pages will not wait for disk IO
+ * or mmap_sem contention, and if waiting is needed to pin all pages,
+ * *@nonblocking will be set to 0.  Further, if @gup_flags does not
+ * include FOLL_NOWAIT, the mmap_sem will be released via up_read() in
+ * this case.
+ *
+ * A caller using such a combination of @nonblocking and @gup_flags
+ * must therefore hold the mmap_sem for reading only, and recognize
+ * when it's been released.  Otherwise, it must be held for either
+ * reading or writing and will not be released.
+ *
+ * In most cases, get_user_pages or get_user_pages_fast should be used
+ * instead of __get_user_pages. __get_user_pages should be used only if
+ * you need some special @gup_flags.
+ */
+static long __get_user_pages(struct task_struct *tsk, struct mm_struct *mm,
+		unsigned long start, unsigned long nr_pages,
+		unsigned int gup_flags, struct page **pages,
+		struct vm_area_struct **vmas, int *nonblocking)
+{
+	long i = 0;
+	unsigned int page_mask;
+	struct vm_area_struct *vma = NULL;
+
+	if (!nr_pages)
+		return 0;
+
+	VM_BUG_ON(!!pages != !!(gup_flags & FOLL_GET));
+
+	/*
+	 * If FOLL_FORCE is set then do not force a full fault as the hinting
+	 * fault information is unrelated to the reference behaviour of a task
+	 * using the address space
+	 */
+	if (!(gup_flags & FOLL_FORCE))
+		gup_flags |= FOLL_NUMA;
+
+	do {
+		struct page *page;
+		unsigned int foll_flags = gup_flags;
+		unsigned int page_increm;
+
+		/* first iteration or cross vma bound */
+		if (!vma || start >= vma->vm_end) {
+			vma = find_extend_vma(mm, start);
+			if (!vma && in_gate_area(mm, start)) {
+				int ret;
+				ret = get_gate_page(mm, start & PAGE_MASK,
+						gup_flags, &vma,
+						pages ? &pages[i] : NULL);
+				if (ret)
+					return i ? : ret;
+				page_mask = 0;
+				goto next_page;
+			}
+
+			if (!vma || check_vma_flags(vma, gup_flags))
+				return i ? : -EFAULT;
+			if (is_vm_hugetlb_page(vma)) {
+				i = follow_hugetlb_page(mm, vma, pages, vmas,
+						&start, &nr_pages, i,
+						gup_flags, nonblocking);
+				continue;
+			}
+		}
+retry:
+		/*
+		 * If we have a pending SIGKILL, don't keep faulting pages and
+		 * potentially allocating memory.
+		 */
+		if (unlikely(fatal_signal_pending(current)))
+			return i ? i : -ERESTARTSYS;
+		cond_resched();
+		page = follow_page_mask(vma, start, foll_flags, &page_mask);
+		if (!page) {
+			int ret;
+			ret = faultin_page(tsk, vma, start, &foll_flags,
+					nonblocking);
+			switch (ret) {
+			case 0:
+				goto retry;
+			case -EFAULT:
+			case -ENOMEM:
+			case -EHWPOISON:
+				return i ? i : ret;
+			case -EBUSY:
+				return i;
+			case -ENOENT:
+				goto next_page;
+			}
+			BUG();
+		} else if (PTR_ERR(page) == -EEXIST) {
+			/*
+			 * Proper page table entry exists, but no corresponding
+			 * struct page.
+			 */
+			goto next_page;
+		} else if (IS_ERR(page)) {
+			return i ? i : PTR_ERR(page);
+		}
+		if (pages) {
+			pages[i] = page;
+			flush_anon_page(vma, page, start);
+			flush_dcache_page(page);
+			page_mask = 0;
+		}
+next_page:
+		if (vmas) {
+			vmas[i] = vma;
+			page_mask = 0;
+		}
+		page_increm = 1 + (~(start >> PAGE_SHIFT) & page_mask);
+		if (page_increm > nr_pages)
+			page_increm = nr_pages;
+		i += page_increm;
+		start += page_increm * PAGE_SIZE;
+		nr_pages -= page_increm;
+	} while (nr_pages);
+	return i;
+}
+
+static bool vma_permits_fault(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
+			      unsigned int fault_flags)
+{
+	bool write   = !!(fault_flags & FAULT_FLAG_WRITE);
+	bool foreign = !!(fault_flags & FAULT_FLAG_REMOTE);
+	vm_flags_t vm_flags = write ? VM_WRITE : VM_READ;
+
+	if (!(vm_flags & vma->vm_flags))
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * The architecture might have a hardware protection
+	 * mechanism other than read/write that can deny access.
+	 *
+	 * gup always represents data access, not instruction
+	 * fetches, so execute=false here:
+	 */
+	if (!arch_vma_access_permitted(vma, write, false, foreign))
+		return false;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * fixup_user_fault() - manually resolve a user page fault
+ * @tsk:	the task_struct to use for page fault accounting, or
+ *		NULL if faults are not to be recorded.
+ * @mm:		mm_struct of target mm
+ * @address:	user address
+ * @fault_flags:flags to pass down to handle_mm_fault()
+ * @unlocked:	did we unlock the mmap_sem while retrying, maybe NULL if caller
+ *		does not allow retry
+ *
+ * This is meant to be called in the specific scenario where for locking reasons
+ * we try to access user memory in atomic context (within a pagefault_disable()
+ * section), this returns -EFAULT, and we want to resolve the user fault before
+ * trying again.
+ *
+ * Typically this is meant to be used by the futex code.
+ *
+ * The main difference with get_user_pages() is that this function will
+ * unconditionally call handle_mm_fault() which will in turn perform all the
+ * necessary SW fixup of the dirty and young bits in the PTE, while
+ * get_user_pages() only guarantees to update these in the struct page.
+ *
+ * This is important for some architectures where those bits also gate the
+ * access permission to the page because they are maintained in software.  On
+ * such architectures, gup() will not be enough to make a subsequent access
+ * succeed.
+ *
+ * This function will not return with an unlocked mmap_sem. So it has not the
+ * same semantics wrt the @mm->mmap_sem as does filemap_fault().
+ */
+int fixup_user_fault(struct task_struct *tsk, struct mm_struct *mm,
+		     unsigned long address, unsigned int fault_flags,
+		     bool *unlocked)
+{
+	struct vm_area_struct *vma;
+	int ret, major = 0;
+
+	if (unlocked)
+		fault_flags |= FAULT_FLAG_ALLOW_RETRY;
+
+retry:
+	vma = find_extend_vma(mm, address);
+	if (!vma || address < vma->vm_start)
+		return -EFAULT;
+
+	if (!vma_permits_fault(vma, fault_flags))
+		return -EFAULT;
+
+	ret = handle_mm_fault(vma, address, fault_flags);
+	major |= ret & VM_FAULT_MAJOR;
+	if (ret & VM_FAULT_ERROR) {
+		int err = vm_fault_to_errno(ret, 0);
+
+		if (err)
+			return err;
+		BUG();
+	}
+
+	if (ret & VM_FAULT_RETRY) {
+		down_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
+		if (!(fault_flags & FAULT_FLAG_TRIED)) {
+			*unlocked = true;
+			fault_flags &= ~FAULT_FLAG_ALLOW_RETRY;
+			fault_flags |= FAULT_FLAG_TRIED;
+			goto retry;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (tsk) {
+		if (major)
+			tsk->maj_flt++;
+		else
+			tsk->min_flt++;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(fixup_user_fault);
+
+static __always_inline long __get_user_pages_locked(struct task_struct *tsk,
+						struct mm_struct *mm,
+						unsigned long start,
+						unsigned long nr_pages,
+						struct page **pages,
+						struct vm_area_struct **vmas,
+						int *locked, bool notify_drop,
+						unsigned int flags)
+{
+	long ret, pages_done;
+	bool lock_dropped;
+
+	if (locked) {
+		/* if VM_FAULT_RETRY can be returned, vmas become invalid */
+		BUG_ON(vmas);
+		/* check caller initialized locked */
+		BUG_ON(*locked != 1);
+	}
+
+	if (pages)
+		flags |= FOLL_GET;
+
+	pages_done = 0;
+	lock_dropped = false;
+	for (;;) {
+		ret = __get_user_pages(tsk, mm, start, nr_pages, flags, pages,
+				       vmas, locked);
+		if (!locked)
+			/* VM_FAULT_RETRY couldn't trigger, bypass */
+			return ret;
+
+		/* VM_FAULT_RETRY cannot return errors */
+		if (!*locked) {
+			BUG_ON(ret < 0);
+			BUG_ON(ret >= nr_pages);
+		}
+
+		if (!pages)
+			/* If it's a prefault don't insist harder */
+			return ret;
+
+		if (ret > 0) {
+			nr_pages -= ret;
+			pages_done += ret;
+			if (!nr_pages)
+				break;
+		}
+		if (*locked) {
+			/* VM_FAULT_RETRY didn't trigger */
+			if (!pages_done)
+				pages_done = ret;
+			break;
+		}
+		/* VM_FAULT_RETRY triggered, so seek to the faulting offset */
+		pages += ret;
+		start += ret << PAGE_SHIFT;
+
+		/*
+		 * Repeat on the address that fired VM_FAULT_RETRY
+		 * without FAULT_FLAG_ALLOW_RETRY but with
+		 * FAULT_FLAG_TRIED.
+		 */
+		*locked = 1;
+		lock_dropped = true;
+		down_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
+		ret = __get_user_pages(tsk, mm, start, 1, flags | FOLL_TRIED,
+				       pages, NULL, NULL);
+		if (ret != 1) {
+			BUG_ON(ret > 1);
+			if (!pages_done)
+				pages_done = ret;
+			break;
+		}
+		nr_pages--;
+		pages_done++;
+		if (!nr_pages)
+			break;
+		pages++;
+		start += PAGE_SIZE;
+	}
+	if (notify_drop && lock_dropped && *locked) {
+		/*
+		 * We must let the caller know we temporarily dropped the lock
+		 * and so the critical section protected by it was lost.
+		 */
+		up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
+		*locked = 0;
+	}
+	return pages_done;
+}
+
+/*
+ * We can leverage the VM_FAULT_RETRY functionality in the page fault
+ * paths better by using either get_user_pages_locked() or
+ * get_user_pages_unlocked().
+ *
+ * get_user_pages_locked() is suitable to replace the form:
+ *
+ *      down_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
+ *      do_something()
+ *      get_user_pages(tsk, mm, ..., pages, NULL);
+ *      up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
+ *
+ *  to:
+ *
+ *      int locked = 1;
+ *      down_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
+ *      do_something()
+ *      get_user_pages_locked(tsk, mm, ..., pages, &locked);
+ *      if (locked)
+ *          up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
+ */
+long get_user_pages_locked(unsigned long start, unsigned long nr_pages,
+			   unsigned int gup_flags, struct page **pages,
+			   int *locked)
+{
+	return __get_user_pages_locked(current, current->mm, start, nr_pages,
+				       pages, NULL, locked, true,
+				       gup_flags | FOLL_TOUCH);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(get_user_pages_locked);
+
+/*
+ * Same as get_user_pages_unlocked(...., FOLL_TOUCH) but it allows for
+ * tsk, mm to be specified.
+ *
+ * NOTE: here FOLL_TOUCH is not set implicitly and must be set by the
+ * caller if required (just like with __get_user_pages). "FOLL_GET"
+ * is set implicitly if "pages" is non-NULL.
+ */
+static __always_inline long __get_user_pages_unlocked(struct task_struct *tsk,
+		struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long start,
+		unsigned long nr_pages, struct page **pages,
+		unsigned int gup_flags)
+{
+	long ret;
+	int locked = 1;
+
+	down_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
+	ret = __get_user_pages_locked(tsk, mm, start, nr_pages, pages, NULL,
+				      &locked, false, gup_flags);
+	if (locked)
+		up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * get_user_pages_unlocked() is suitable to replace the form:
+ *
+ *      down_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
+ *      get_user_pages(tsk, mm, ..., pages, NULL);
+ *      up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
+ *
+ *  with:
+ *
+ *      get_user_pages_unlocked(tsk, mm, ..., pages);
+ *
+ * It is functionally equivalent to get_user_pages_fast so
+ * get_user_pages_fast should be used instead if specific gup_flags
+ * (e.g. FOLL_FORCE) are not required.
+ */
+long get_user_pages_unlocked(unsigned long start, unsigned long nr_pages,
+			     struct page **pages, unsigned int gup_flags)
+{
+	return __get_user_pages_unlocked(current, current->mm, start, nr_pages,
+					 pages, gup_flags | FOLL_TOUCH);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(get_user_pages_unlocked);
+
+/*
+ * get_user_pages_remote() - pin user pages in memory
+ * @tsk:	the task_struct to use for page fault accounting, or
+ *		NULL if faults are not to be recorded.
+ * @mm:		mm_struct of target mm
+ * @start:	starting user address
+ * @nr_pages:	number of pages from start to pin
+ * @gup_flags:	flags modifying lookup behaviour
+ * @pages:	array that receives pointers to the pages pinned.
+ *		Should be at least nr_pages long. Or NULL, if caller
+ *		only intends to ensure the pages are faulted in.
+ * @vmas:	array of pointers to vmas corresponding to each page.
+ *		Or NULL if the caller does not require them.
+ * @locked:	pointer to lock flag indicating whether lock is held and
+ *		subsequently whether VM_FAULT_RETRY functionality can be
+ *		utilised. Lock must initially be held.
+ *
+ * Returns number of pages pinned. This may be fewer than the number
+ * requested. If nr_pages is 0 or negative, returns 0. If no pages
+ * were pinned, returns -errno. Each page returned must be released
+ * with a put_page() call when it is finished with. vmas will only
+ * remain valid while mmap_sem is held.
+ *
+ * Must be called with mmap_sem held for read or write.
+ *
+ * get_user_pages walks a process's page tables and takes a reference to
+ * each struct page that each user address corresponds to at a given
+ * instant. That is, it takes the page that would be accessed if a user
+ * thread accesses the given user virtual address at that instant.
+ *
+ * This does not guarantee that the page exists in the user mappings when
+ * get_user_pages returns, and there may even be a completely different
+ * page there in some cases (eg. if mmapped pagecache has been invalidated
+ * and subsequently re faulted). However it does guarantee that the page
+ * won't be freed completely. And mostly callers simply care that the page
+ * contains data that was valid *at some point in time*. Typically, an IO
+ * or similar operation cannot guarantee anything stronger anyway because
+ * locks can't be held over the syscall boundary.
+ *
+ * If gup_flags & FOLL_WRITE == 0, the page must not be written to. If the page
+ * is written to, set_page_dirty (or set_page_dirty_lock, as appropriate) must
+ * be called after the page is finished with, and before put_page is called.
+ *
+ * get_user_pages is typically used for fewer-copy IO operations, to get a
+ * handle on the memory by some means other than accesses via the user virtual
+ * addresses. The pages may be submitted for DMA to devices or accessed via
+ * their kernel linear mapping (via the kmap APIs). Care should be taken to
+ * use the correct cache flushing APIs.
+ *
+ * See also get_user_pages_fast, for performance critical applications.
+ *
+ * get_user_pages should be phased out in favor of
+ * get_user_pages_locked|unlocked or get_user_pages_fast. Nothing
+ * should use get_user_pages because it cannot pass
+ * FAULT_FLAG_ALLOW_RETRY to handle_mm_fault.
+ */
+long get_user_pages_remote(struct task_struct *tsk, struct mm_struct *mm,
+		unsigned long start, unsigned long nr_pages,
+		unsigned int gup_flags, struct page **pages,
+		struct vm_area_struct **vmas, int *locked)
+{
+	return __get_user_pages_locked(tsk, mm, start, nr_pages, pages, vmas,
+				       locked, true,
+				       gup_flags | FOLL_TOUCH | FOLL_REMOTE);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(get_user_pages_remote);
+
+/*
+ * This is the same as get_user_pages_remote(), just with a
+ * less-flexible calling convention where we assume that the task
+ * and mm being operated on are the current task's and don't allow
+ * passing of a locked parameter.  We also obviously don't pass
+ * FOLL_REMOTE in here.
+ */
+long get_user_pages(unsigned long start, unsigned long nr_pages,
+		unsigned int gup_flags, struct page **pages,
+		struct vm_area_struct **vmas)
+{
+	return __get_user_pages_locked(current, current->mm, start, nr_pages,
+				       pages, vmas, NULL, false,
+				       gup_flags | FOLL_TOUCH);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(get_user_pages);
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_FS_DAX
+/*
+ * This is the same as get_user_pages() in that it assumes we are
+ * operating on the current task's mm, but it goes further to validate
+ * that the vmas associated with the address range are suitable for
+ * longterm elevated page reference counts. For example, filesystem-dax
+ * mappings are subject to the lifetime enforced by the filesystem and
+ * we need guarantees that longterm users like RDMA and V4L2 only
+ * establish mappings that have a kernel enforced revocation mechanism.
+ *
+ * "longterm" == userspace controlled elevated page count lifetime.
+ * Contrast this to iov_iter_get_pages() usages which are transient.
+ */
+long get_user_pages_longterm(unsigned long start, unsigned long nr_pages,
+		unsigned int gup_flags, struct page **pages,
+		struct vm_area_struct **vmas_arg)
+{
+	struct vm_area_struct **vmas = vmas_arg;
+	struct vm_area_struct *vma_prev = NULL;
+	long rc, i;
+
+	if (!pages)
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	if (!vmas) {
+		vmas = kcalloc(nr_pages, sizeof(struct vm_area_struct *),
+			       GFP_KERNEL);
+		if (!vmas)
+			return -ENOMEM;
+	}
+
+	rc = get_user_pages(start, nr_pages, gup_flags, pages, vmas);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < rc; i++) {
+		struct vm_area_struct *vma = vmas[i];
+
+		if (vma == vma_prev)
+			continue;
+
+		vma_prev = vma;
+
+		if (vma_is_fsdax(vma))
+			break;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Either get_user_pages() failed, or the vma validation
+	 * succeeded, in either case we don't need to put_page() before
+	 * returning.
+	 */
+	if (i >= rc)
+		goto out;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < rc; i++)
+		put_page(pages[i]);
+	rc = -EOPNOTSUPP;
+out:
+	if (vmas != vmas_arg)
+		kfree(vmas);
+	return rc;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(get_user_pages_longterm);
+#endif /* CONFIG_FS_DAX */
+
+/**
+ * populate_vma_page_range() -  populate a range of pages in the vma.
+ * @vma:   target vma
+ * @start: start address
+ * @end:   end address
+ * @nonblocking:
+ *
+ * This takes care of mlocking the pages too if VM_LOCKED is set.
+ *
+ * return 0 on success, negative error code on error.
+ *
+ * vma->vm_mm->mmap_sem must be held.
+ *
+ * If @nonblocking is NULL, it may be held for read or write and will
+ * be unperturbed.
+ *
+ * If @nonblocking is non-NULL, it must held for read only and may be
+ * released.  If it's released, *@nonblocking will be set to 0.
+ */
+long populate_vma_page_range(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
+		unsigned long start, unsigned long end, int *nonblocking)
+{
+	struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
+	unsigned long nr_pages = (end - start) / PAGE_SIZE;
+	int gup_flags;
+
+	VM_BUG_ON(start & ~PAGE_MASK);
+	VM_BUG_ON(end   & ~PAGE_MASK);
+	VM_BUG_ON_VMA(start < vma->vm_start, vma);
+	VM_BUG_ON_VMA(end   > vma->vm_end, vma);
+	VM_BUG_ON_MM(!rwsem_is_locked(&mm->mmap_sem), mm);
+
+	gup_flags = FOLL_TOUCH | FOLL_POPULATE | FOLL_MLOCK;
+	if (vma->vm_flags & VM_LOCKONFAULT)
+		gup_flags &= ~FOLL_POPULATE;
+	/*
+	 * We want to touch writable mappings with a write fault in order
+	 * to break COW, except for shared mappings because these don't COW
+	 * and we would not want to dirty them for nothing.
+	 */
+	if ((vma->vm_flags & (VM_WRITE | VM_SHARED)) == VM_WRITE)
+		gup_flags |= FOLL_WRITE;
+
+	/*
+	 * We want mlock to succeed for regions that have any permissions
+	 * other than PROT_NONE.
+	 */
+	if (vma->vm_flags & (VM_READ | VM_WRITE | VM_EXEC))
+		gup_flags |= FOLL_FORCE;
+
+	/*
+	 * We made sure addr is within a VMA, so the following will
+	 * not result in a stack expansion that recurses back here.
+	 */
+	return __get_user_pages(current, mm, start, nr_pages, gup_flags,
+				NULL, NULL, nonblocking);
+}
+
+/*
+ * __mm_populate - populate and/or mlock pages within a range of address space.
+ *
+ * This is used to implement mlock() and the MAP_POPULATE / MAP_LOCKED mmap
+ * flags. VMAs must be already marked with the desired vm_flags, and
+ * mmap_sem must not be held.
+ */
+int __mm_populate(unsigned long start, unsigned long len, int ignore_errors)
+{
+	struct mm_struct *mm = current->mm;
+	unsigned long end, nstart, nend;
+	struct vm_area_struct *vma = NULL;
+	int locked = 0;
+	long ret = 0;
+
+	end = start + len;
+
+	for (nstart = start; nstart < end; nstart = nend) {
+		/*
+		 * We want to fault in pages for [nstart; end) address range.
+		 * Find first corresponding VMA.
+		 */
+		if (!locked) {
+			locked = 1;
+			down_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
+			vma = find_vma(mm, nstart);
+		} else if (nstart >= vma->vm_end)
+			vma = vma->vm_next;
+		if (!vma || vma->vm_start >= end)
+			break;
+		/*
+		 * Set [nstart; nend) to intersection of desired address
+		 * range with the first VMA. Also, skip undesirable VMA types.
+		 */
+		nend = min(end, vma->vm_end);
+		if (vma->vm_flags & (VM_IO | VM_PFNMAP))
+			continue;
+		if (nstart < vma->vm_start)
+			nstart = vma->vm_start;
+		/*
+		 * Now fault in a range of pages. populate_vma_page_range()
+		 * double checks the vma flags, so that it won't mlock pages
+		 * if the vma was already munlocked.
+		 */
+		ret = populate_vma_page_range(vma, nstart, nend, &locked);
+		if (ret < 0) {
+			if (ignore_errors) {
+				ret = 0;
+				continue;	/* continue at next VMA */
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+		nend = nstart + ret * PAGE_SIZE;
+		ret = 0;
+	}
+	if (locked)
+		up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
+	return ret;	/* 0 or negative error code */
+}
+
+/**
+ * get_dump_page() - pin user page in memory while writing it to core dump
+ * @addr: user address
+ *
+ * Returns struct page pointer of user page pinned for dump,
+ * to be freed afterwards by put_page().
+ *
+ * Returns NULL on any kind of failure - a hole must then be inserted into
+ * the corefile, to preserve alignment with its headers; and also returns
+ * NULL wherever the ZERO_PAGE, or an anonymous pte_none, has been found -
+ * allowing a hole to be left in the corefile to save diskspace.
+ *
+ * Called without mmap_sem, but after all other threads have been killed.
+ */
+#ifdef CONFIG_ELF_CORE
+struct page *get_dump_page(unsigned long addr)
+{
+	struct vm_area_struct *vma;
+	struct page *page;
+
+	if (__get_user_pages(current, current->mm, addr, 1,
+			     FOLL_FORCE | FOLL_DUMP | FOLL_GET, &page, &vma,
+			     NULL) < 1)
+		return NULL;
+	flush_cache_page(vma, addr, page_to_pfn(page));
+	return page;
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_ELF_CORE */
+
+/*
+ * Generic Fast GUP
+ *
+ * get_user_pages_fast attempts to pin user pages by walking the page
+ * tables directly and avoids taking locks. Thus the walker needs to be
+ * protected from page table pages being freed from under it, and should
+ * block any THP splits.
+ *
+ * One way to achieve this is to have the walker disable interrupts, and
+ * rely on IPIs from the TLB flushing code blocking before the page table
+ * pages are freed. This is unsuitable for architectures that do not need
+ * to broadcast an IPI when invalidating TLBs.
+ *
+ * Another way to achieve this is to batch up page table containing pages
+ * belonging to more than one mm_user, then rcu_sched a callback to free those
+ * pages. Disabling interrupts will allow the fast_gup walker to both block
+ * the rcu_sched callback, and an IPI that we broadcast for splitting THPs
+ * (which is a relatively rare event). The code below adopts this strategy.
+ *
+ * Before activating this code, please be aware that the following assumptions
+ * are currently made:
+ *
+ *  *) Either HAVE_RCU_TABLE_FREE is enabled, and tlb_remove_table() is used to
+ *  free pages containing page tables or TLB flushing requires IPI broadcast.
+ *
+ *  *) ptes can be read atomically by the architecture.
+ *
+ *  *) access_ok is sufficient to validate userspace address ranges.
+ *
+ * The last two assumptions can be relaxed by the addition of helper functions.
+ *
+ * This code is based heavily on the PowerPC implementation by Nick Piggin.
+ */
+#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_GENERIC_GUP
+
+#ifndef gup_get_pte
+/*
+ * We assume that the PTE can be read atomically. If this is not the case for
+ * your architecture, please provide the helper.
+ */
+static inline pte_t gup_get_pte(pte_t *ptep)
+{
+	return READ_ONCE(*ptep);
+}
+#endif
+
+static void __maybe_unused undo_dev_pagemap(int *nr, int nr_start,
+					    struct page **pages)
+{
+	while ((*nr) - nr_start) {
+		struct page *page = pages[--(*nr)];
+
+		ClearPageReferenced(page);
+		put_page(page);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return the compund head page with ref appropriately incremented,
+ * or NULL if that failed.
+ */
+static inline struct page *try_get_compound_head(struct page *page, int refs)
+{
+	struct page *head = compound_head(page);
+	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(page_ref_count(head) < 0))
+		return NULL;
+	if (unlikely(!page_cache_add_speculative(head, refs)))
+		return NULL;
+	return head;
+}
+
+#ifdef __HAVE_ARCH_PTE_SPECIAL
+static int gup_pte_range(pmd_t pmd, unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
+			 int write, struct page **pages, int *nr)
+{
+	struct dev_pagemap *pgmap = NULL;
+	int nr_start = *nr, ret = 0;
+	pte_t *ptep, *ptem;
+
+	ptem = ptep = pte_offset_map(&pmd, addr);
+	do {
+		pte_t pte = gup_get_pte(ptep);
+		struct page *head, *page;
+
+		/*
+		 * Similar to the PMD case below, NUMA hinting must take slow
+		 * path using the pte_protnone check.
+		 */
+		if (pte_protnone(pte))
+			goto pte_unmap;
+
+		if (!pte_access_permitted(pte, write))
+			goto pte_unmap;
+
+		if (pte_devmap(pte)) {
+			pgmap = get_dev_pagemap(pte_pfn(pte), pgmap);
+			if (unlikely(!pgmap)) {
+				undo_dev_pagemap(nr, nr_start, pages);
+				goto pte_unmap;
+			}
+		} else if (pte_special(pte))
+			goto pte_unmap;
+
+		VM_BUG_ON(!pfn_valid(pte_pfn(pte)));
+		page = pte_page(pte);
+
+		head = try_get_compound_head(page, 1);
+		if (!head)
+			goto pte_unmap;
+
+		if (unlikely(pte_val(pte) != pte_val(*ptep))) {
+			put_page(head);
+			goto pte_unmap;
+		}
+
+		VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(compound_head(page) != head, page);
+
+		put_dev_pagemap(pgmap);
+		SetPageReferenced(page);
+		pages[*nr] = page;
+		(*nr)++;
+
+	} while (ptep++, addr += PAGE_SIZE, addr != end);
+
+	ret = 1;
+
+pte_unmap:
+	pte_unmap(ptem);
+	return ret;
+}
+#else
+
+/*
+ * If we can't determine whether or not a pte is special, then fail immediately
+ * for ptes. Note, we can still pin HugeTLB and THP as these are guaranteed not
+ * to be special.
+ *
+ * For a futex to be placed on a THP tail page, get_futex_key requires a
+ * __get_user_pages_fast implementation that can pin pages. Thus it's still
+ * useful to have gup_huge_pmd even if we can't operate on ptes.
+ */
+static int gup_pte_range(pmd_t pmd, unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
+			 int write, struct page **pages, int *nr)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+#endif /* __HAVE_ARCH_PTE_SPECIAL */
+
+#if defined(__HAVE_ARCH_PTE_DEVMAP) && defined(CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE)
+static int __gup_device_huge(unsigned long pfn, unsigned long addr,
+		unsigned long end, struct page **pages, int *nr)
+{
+	int nr_start = *nr;
+	struct dev_pagemap *pgmap = NULL;
+
+	do {
+		struct page *page = pfn_to_page(pfn);
+
+		pgmap = get_dev_pagemap(pfn, pgmap);
+		if (unlikely(!pgmap)) {
+			undo_dev_pagemap(nr, nr_start, pages);
+			return 0;
+		}
+		SetPageReferenced(page);
+		pages[*nr] = page;
+		get_page(page);
+		put_dev_pagemap(pgmap);
+		(*nr)++;
+		pfn++;
+	} while (addr += PAGE_SIZE, addr != end);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static int __gup_device_huge_pmd(pmd_t orig, pmd_t *pmdp, unsigned long addr,
+		unsigned long end, struct page **pages, int *nr)
+{
+	unsigned long fault_pfn;
+	int nr_start = *nr;
+
+	fault_pfn = pmd_pfn(orig) + ((addr & ~PMD_MASK) >> PAGE_SHIFT);
+	if (!__gup_device_huge(fault_pfn, addr, end, pages, nr))
+		return 0;
+
+	if (unlikely(pmd_val(orig) != pmd_val(*pmdp))) {
+		undo_dev_pagemap(nr, nr_start, pages);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static int __gup_device_huge_pud(pud_t orig, pud_t *pudp, unsigned long addr,
+		unsigned long end, struct page **pages, int *nr)
+{
+	unsigned long fault_pfn;
+	int nr_start = *nr;
+
+	fault_pfn = pud_pfn(orig) + ((addr & ~PUD_MASK) >> PAGE_SHIFT);
+	if (!__gup_device_huge(fault_pfn, addr, end, pages, nr))
+		return 0;
+
+	if (unlikely(pud_val(orig) != pud_val(*pudp))) {
+		undo_dev_pagemap(nr, nr_start, pages);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	return 1;
+}
+#else
+static int __gup_device_huge_pmd(pmd_t orig, pmd_t *pmdp, unsigned long addr,
+		unsigned long end, struct page **pages, int *nr)
+{
+	BUILD_BUG();
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int __gup_device_huge_pud(pud_t pud, pud_t *pudp, unsigned long addr,
+		unsigned long end, struct page **pages, int *nr)
+{
+	BUILD_BUG();
+	return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+static int gup_huge_pmd(pmd_t orig, pmd_t *pmdp, unsigned long addr,
+		unsigned long end, int write, struct page **pages, int *nr)
+{
+	struct page *head, *page;
+	int refs;
+
+	if (!pmd_access_permitted(orig, write))
+		return 0;
+
+	if (pmd_devmap(orig))
+		return __gup_device_huge_pmd(orig, pmdp, addr, end, pages, nr);
+
+	refs = 0;
+	page = pmd_page(orig) + ((addr & ~PMD_MASK) >> PAGE_SHIFT);
+	do {
+		pages[*nr] = page;
+		(*nr)++;
+		page++;
+		refs++;
+	} while (addr += PAGE_SIZE, addr != end);
+
+	head = try_get_compound_head(pmd_page(orig), refs);
+	if (!head) {
+		*nr -= refs;
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	if (unlikely(pmd_val(orig) != pmd_val(*pmdp))) {
+		*nr -= refs;
+		while (refs--)
+			put_page(head);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	SetPageReferenced(head);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static int gup_huge_pud(pud_t orig, pud_t *pudp, unsigned long addr,
+		unsigned long end, int write, struct page **pages, int *nr)
+{
+	struct page *head, *page;
+	int refs;
+
+	if (!pud_access_permitted(orig, write))
+		return 0;
+
+	if (pud_devmap(orig))
+		return __gup_device_huge_pud(orig, pudp, addr, end, pages, nr);
+
+	refs = 0;
+	page = pud_page(orig) + ((addr & ~PUD_MASK) >> PAGE_SHIFT);
+	do {
+		pages[*nr] = page;
+		(*nr)++;
+		page++;
+		refs++;
+	} while (addr += PAGE_SIZE, addr != end);
+
+	head = try_get_compound_head(pud_page(orig), refs);
+	if (!head) {
+		*nr -= refs;
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	if (unlikely(pud_val(orig) != pud_val(*pudp))) {
+		*nr -= refs;
+		while (refs--)
+			put_page(head);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	SetPageReferenced(head);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static int gup_huge_pgd(pgd_t orig, pgd_t *pgdp, unsigned long addr,
+			unsigned long end, int write,
+			struct page **pages, int *nr)
+{
+	int refs;
+	struct page *head, *page;
+
+	if (!pgd_access_permitted(orig, write))
+		return 0;
+
+	BUILD_BUG_ON(pgd_devmap(orig));
+	refs = 0;
+	page = pgd_page(orig) + ((addr & ~PGDIR_MASK) >> PAGE_SHIFT);
+	do {
+		pages[*nr] = page;
+		(*nr)++;
+		page++;
+		refs++;
+	} while (addr += PAGE_SIZE, addr != end);
+
+	head = try_get_compound_head(pgd_page(orig), refs);
+	if (!head) {
+		*nr -= refs;
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	if (unlikely(pgd_val(orig) != pgd_val(*pgdp))) {
+		*nr -= refs;
+		while (refs--)
+			put_page(head);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	SetPageReferenced(head);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static int gup_pmd_range(pud_t pud, unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
+		int write, struct page **pages, int *nr)
+{
+	unsigned long next;
+	pmd_t *pmdp;
+
+	pmdp = pmd_offset(&pud, addr);
+	do {
+		pmd_t pmd = READ_ONCE(*pmdp);
+
+		next = pmd_addr_end(addr, end);
+		if (!pmd_present(pmd))
+			return 0;
+
+		if (unlikely(pmd_trans_huge(pmd) || pmd_huge(pmd) ||
+			     pmd_devmap(pmd))) {
+			/*
+			 * NUMA hinting faults need to be handled in the GUP
+			 * slowpath for accounting purposes and so that they
+			 * can be serialised against THP migration.
+			 */
+			if (pmd_protnone(pmd))
+				return 0;
+
+			if (!gup_huge_pmd(pmd, pmdp, addr, next, write,
+				pages, nr))
+				return 0;
+
+		} else if (unlikely(is_hugepd(__hugepd(pmd_val(pmd))))) {
+			/*
+			 * architecture have different format for hugetlbfs
+			 * pmd format and THP pmd format
+			 */
+			if (!gup_huge_pd(__hugepd(pmd_val(pmd)), addr,
+					 PMD_SHIFT, next, write, pages, nr))
+				return 0;
+		} else if (!gup_pte_range(pmd, addr, next, write, pages, nr))
+				return 0;
+	} while (pmdp++, addr = next, addr != end);
+
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static int gup_pud_range(p4d_t p4d, unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
+			 int write, struct page **pages, int *nr)
+{
+	unsigned long next;
+	pud_t *pudp;
+
+	pudp = pud_offset(&p4d, addr);
+	do {
+		pud_t pud = READ_ONCE(*pudp);
+
+		next = pud_addr_end(addr, end);
+		if (pud_none(pud))
+			return 0;
+		if (unlikely(pud_huge(pud))) {
+			if (!gup_huge_pud(pud, pudp, addr, next, write,
+					  pages, nr))
+				return 0;
+		} else if (unlikely(is_hugepd(__hugepd(pud_val(pud))))) {
+			if (!gup_huge_pd(__hugepd(pud_val(pud)), addr,
+					 PUD_SHIFT, next, write, pages, nr))
+				return 0;
+		} else if (!gup_pmd_range(pud, addr, next, write, pages, nr))
+			return 0;
+	} while (pudp++, addr = next, addr != end);
+
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static int gup_p4d_range(pgd_t pgd, unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
+			 int write, struct page **pages, int *nr)
+{
+	unsigned long next;
+	p4d_t *p4dp;
+
+	p4dp = p4d_offset(&pgd, addr);
+	do {
+		p4d_t p4d = READ_ONCE(*p4dp);
+
+		next = p4d_addr_end(addr, end);
+		if (p4d_none(p4d))
+			return 0;
+		BUILD_BUG_ON(p4d_huge(p4d));
+		if (unlikely(is_hugepd(__hugepd(p4d_val(p4d))))) {
+			if (!gup_huge_pd(__hugepd(p4d_val(p4d)), addr,
+					 P4D_SHIFT, next, write, pages, nr))
+				return 0;
+		} else if (!gup_pud_range(p4d, addr, next, write, pages, nr))
+			return 0;
+	} while (p4dp++, addr = next, addr != end);
+
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static void gup_pgd_range(unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
+		int write, struct page **pages, int *nr)
+{
+	unsigned long next;
+	pgd_t *pgdp;
+
+	pgdp = pgd_offset(current->mm, addr);
+	do {
+		pgd_t pgd = READ_ONCE(*pgdp);
+
+		next = pgd_addr_end(addr, end);
+		if (pgd_none(pgd))
+			return;
+		if (unlikely(pgd_huge(pgd))) {
+			if (!gup_huge_pgd(pgd, pgdp, addr, next, write,
+					  pages, nr))
+				return;
+		} else if (unlikely(is_hugepd(__hugepd(pgd_val(pgd))))) {
+			if (!gup_huge_pd(__hugepd(pgd_val(pgd)), addr,
+					 PGDIR_SHIFT, next, write, pages, nr))
+				return;
+		} else if (!gup_p4d_range(pgd, addr, next, write, pages, nr))
+			return;
+	} while (pgdp++, addr = next, addr != end);
+}
+
+#ifndef gup_fast_permitted
+/*
+ * Check if it's allowed to use __get_user_pages_fast() for the range, or
+ * we need to fall back to the slow version:
+ */
+bool gup_fast_permitted(unsigned long start, int nr_pages, int write)
+{
+	unsigned long len, end;
+
+	len = (unsigned long) nr_pages << PAGE_SHIFT;
+	end = start + len;
+	return end >= start;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Like get_user_pages_fast() except it's IRQ-safe in that it won't fall back to
+ * the regular GUP. It will only return non-negative values.
+ */
+int __get_user_pages_fast(unsigned long start, int nr_pages, int write,
+			  struct page **pages)
+{
+	unsigned long addr, len, end;
+	unsigned long flags;
+	int nr = 0;
+
+	start &= PAGE_MASK;
+	addr = start;
+	len = (unsigned long) nr_pages << PAGE_SHIFT;
+	end = start + len;
+
+	if (unlikely(!access_ok(write ? VERIFY_WRITE : VERIFY_READ,
+					(void __user *)start, len)))
+		return 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * Disable interrupts.  We use the nested form as we can already have
+	 * interrupts disabled by get_futex_key.
+	 *
+	 * With interrupts disabled, we block page table pages from being
+	 * freed from under us. See mmu_gather_tlb in asm-generic/tlb.h
+	 * for more details.
+	 *
+	 * We do not adopt an rcu_read_lock(.) here as we also want to
+	 * block IPIs that come from THPs splitting.
+	 */
+
+	if (gup_fast_permitted(start, nr_pages, write)) {
+		local_irq_save(flags);
+		gup_pgd_range(addr, end, write, pages, &nr);
+		local_irq_restore(flags);
+	}
+
+	return nr;
+}
+
+/**
+ * get_user_pages_fast() - pin user pages in memory
+ * @start:	starting user address
+ * @nr_pages:	number of pages from start to pin
+ * @write:	whether pages will be written to
+ * @pages:	array that receives pointers to the pages pinned.
+ *		Should be at least nr_pages long.
+ *
+ * Attempt to pin user pages in memory without taking mm->mmap_sem.
+ * If not successful, it will fall back to taking the lock and
+ * calling get_user_pages().
+ *
+ * Returns number of pages pinned. This may be fewer than the number
+ * requested. If nr_pages is 0 or negative, returns 0. If no pages
+ * were pinned, returns -errno.
+ */
+int get_user_pages_fast(unsigned long start, int nr_pages, int write,
+			struct page **pages)
+{
+	unsigned long addr, len, end;
+	int nr = 0, ret = 0;
+
+	start &= PAGE_MASK;
+	addr = start;
+	len = (unsigned long) nr_pages << PAGE_SHIFT;
+	end = start + len;
+
+	if (nr_pages <= 0)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (unlikely(!access_ok(write ? VERIFY_WRITE : VERIFY_READ,
+					(void __user *)start, len)))
+		return -EFAULT;
+
+	if (gup_fast_permitted(start, nr_pages, write)) {
+		local_irq_disable();
+		gup_pgd_range(addr, end, write, pages, &nr);
+		local_irq_enable();
+		ret = nr;
+	}
+
+	if (nr < nr_pages) {
+		/* Try to get the remaining pages with get_user_pages */
+		start += nr << PAGE_SHIFT;
+		pages += nr;
+
+		ret = get_user_pages_unlocked(start, nr_pages - nr, pages,
+				write ? FOLL_WRITE : 0);
+
+		/* Have to be a bit careful with return values */
+		if (nr > 0) {
+			if (ret < 0)
+				ret = nr;
+			else
+				ret += nr;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+#endif /* CONFIG_HAVE_GENERIC_GUP */