| Paravirt_ops | 
 | ============ | 
 |  | 
 | Linux provides support for different hypervisor virtualization technologies. | 
 | Historically different binary kernels would be required in order to support | 
 | different hypervisors, this restriction was removed with pv_ops. | 
 | Linux pv_ops is a virtualization API which enables support for different | 
 | hypervisors. It allows each hypervisor to override critical operations and | 
 | allows a single kernel binary to run on all supported execution environments | 
 | including native machine -- without any hypervisors. | 
 |  | 
 | pv_ops provides a set of function pointers which represent operations | 
 | corresponding to low level critical instructions and high level | 
 | functionalities in various areas. pv-ops allows for optimizations at run | 
 | time by enabling binary patching of the low-ops critical operations | 
 | at boot time. | 
 |  | 
 | pv_ops operations are classified into three categories: | 
 |  | 
 | - simple indirect call | 
 |   These operations correspond to high level functionality where it is | 
 |   known that the overhead of indirect call isn't very important. | 
 |  | 
 | - indirect call which allows optimization with binary patch | 
 |   Usually these operations correspond to low level critical instructions. They | 
 |   are called frequently and are performance critical. The overhead is | 
 |   very important. | 
 |  | 
 | - a set of macros for hand written assembly code | 
 |   Hand written assembly codes (.S files) also need paravirtualization | 
 |   because they include sensitive instructions or some of code paths in | 
 |   them are very performance critical. |