| ===================== |
| I/O statistics fields |
| ===================== |
| |
| Since 2.4.20 (and some versions before, with patches), and 2.5.45, |
| more extensive disk statistics have been introduced to help measure disk |
| activity. Tools such as ``sar`` and ``iostat`` typically interpret these and do |
| the work for you, but in case you are interested in creating your own |
| tools, the fields are explained here. |
| |
| In 2.4 now, the information is found as additional fields in |
| ``/proc/partitions``. In 2.6 and upper, the same information is found in two |
| places: one is in the file ``/proc/diskstats``, and the other is within |
| the sysfs file system, which must be mounted in order to obtain |
| the information. Throughout this document we'll assume that sysfs |
| is mounted on ``/sys``, although of course it may be mounted anywhere. |
| Both ``/proc/diskstats`` and sysfs use the same source for the information |
| and so should not differ. |
| |
| Here are examples of these different formats:: |
| |
| 2.4: |
| 3 0 39082680 hda 446216 784926 9550688 4382310 424847 312726 5922052 19310380 0 3376340 23705160 |
| 3 1 9221278 hda1 35486 0 35496 38030 0 0 0 0 0 38030 38030 |
| |
| 2.6+ sysfs: |
| 446216 784926 9550688 4382310 424847 312726 5922052 19310380 0 3376340 23705160 |
| 35486 38030 38030 38030 |
| |
| 2.6+ diskstats: |
| 3 0 hda 446216 784926 9550688 4382310 424847 312726 5922052 19310380 0 3376340 23705160 |
| 3 1 hda1 35486 38030 38030 38030 |
| |
| 4.18+ diskstats: |
| 3 0 hda 446216 784926 9550688 4382310 424847 312726 5922052 19310380 0 3376340 23705160 0 0 0 0 |
| |
| On 2.4 you might execute ``grep 'hda ' /proc/partitions``. On 2.6+, you have |
| a choice of ``cat /sys/block/hda/stat`` or ``grep 'hda ' /proc/diskstats``. |
| |
| The advantage of one over the other is that the sysfs choice works well |
| if you are watching a known, small set of disks. ``/proc/diskstats`` may |
| be a better choice if you are watching a large number of disks because |
| you'll avoid the overhead of 50, 100, or 500 or more opens/closes with |
| each snapshot of your disk statistics. |
| |
| In 2.4, the statistics fields are those after the device name. In |
| the above example, the first field of statistics would be 446216. |
| By contrast, in 2.6+ if you look at ``/sys/block/hda/stat``, you'll |
| find just the eleven fields, beginning with 446216. If you look at |
| ``/proc/diskstats``, the eleven fields will be preceded by the major and |
| minor device numbers, and device name. Each of these formats provides |
| eleven fields of statistics, each meaning exactly the same things. |
| All fields except field 9 are cumulative since boot. Field 9 should |
| go to zero as I/Os complete; all others only increase (unless they |
| overflow and wrap). Yes, these are (32-bit or 64-bit) unsigned long |
| (native word size) numbers, and on a very busy or long-lived system they |
| may wrap. Applications should be prepared to deal with that; unless |
| your observations are measured in large numbers of minutes or hours, |
| they should not wrap twice before you notice them. |
| |
| Each set of stats only applies to the indicated device; if you want |
| system-wide stats you'll have to find all the devices and sum them all up. |
| |
| Field 1 -- # of reads completed |
| This is the total number of reads completed successfully. |
| |
| Field 2 -- # of reads merged, field 6 -- # of writes merged |
| Reads and writes which are adjacent to each other may be merged for |
| efficiency. Thus two 4K reads may become one 8K read before it is |
| ultimately handed to the disk, and so it will be counted (and queued) |
| as only one I/O. This field lets you know how often this was done. |
| |
| Field 3 -- # of sectors read |
| This is the total number of sectors read successfully. |
| |
| Field 4 -- # of milliseconds spent reading |
| This is the total number of milliseconds spent by all reads (as |
| measured from __make_request() to end_that_request_last()). |
| |
| Field 5 -- # of writes completed |
| This is the total number of writes completed successfully. |
| |
| Field 6 -- # of writes merged |
| See the description of field 2. |
| |
| Field 7 -- # of sectors written |
| This is the total number of sectors written successfully. |
| |
| Field 8 -- # of milliseconds spent writing |
| This is the total number of milliseconds spent by all writes (as |
| measured from __make_request() to end_that_request_last()). |
| |
| Field 9 -- # of I/Os currently in progress |
| The only field that should go to zero. Incremented as requests are |
| given to appropriate struct request_queue and decremented as they finish. |
| |
| Field 10 -- # of milliseconds spent doing I/Os |
| This field increases so long as field 9 is nonzero. |
| |
| Field 11 -- weighted # of milliseconds spent doing I/Os |
| This field is incremented at each I/O start, I/O completion, I/O |
| merge, or read of these stats by the number of I/Os in progress |
| (field 9) times the number of milliseconds spent doing I/O since the |
| last update of this field. This can provide an easy measure of both |
| I/O completion time and the backlog that may be accumulating. |
| |
| Field 12 -- # of discards completed |
| This is the total number of discards completed successfully. |
| |
| Field 13 -- # of discards merged |
| See the description of field 2 |
| |
| Field 14 -- # of sectors discarded |
| This is the total number of sectors discarded successfully. |
| |
| Field 15 -- # of milliseconds spent discarding |
| This is the total number of milliseconds spent by all discards (as |
| measured from __make_request() to end_that_request_last()). |
| |
| To avoid introducing performance bottlenecks, no locks are held while |
| modifying these counters. This implies that minor inaccuracies may be |
| introduced when changes collide, so (for instance) adding up all the |
| read I/Os issued per partition should equal those made to the disks ... |
| but due to the lack of locking it may only be very close. |
| |
| In 2.6+, there are counters for each CPU, which make the lack of locking |
| almost a non-issue. When the statistics are read, the per-CPU counters |
| are summed (possibly overflowing the unsigned long variable they are |
| summed to) and the result given to the user. There is no convenient |
| user interface for accessing the per-CPU counters themselves. |
| |
| Disks vs Partitions |
| ------------------- |
| |
| There were significant changes between 2.4 and 2.6+ in the I/O subsystem. |
| As a result, some statistic information disappeared. The translation from |
| a disk address relative to a partition to the disk address relative to |
| the host disk happens much earlier. All merges and timings now happen |
| at the disk level rather than at both the disk and partition level as |
| in 2.4. Consequently, you'll see a different statistics output on 2.6+ for |
| partitions from that for disks. There are only *four* fields available |
| for partitions on 2.6+ machines. This is reflected in the examples above. |
| |
| Field 1 -- # of reads issued |
| This is the total number of reads issued to this partition. |
| |
| Field 2 -- # of sectors read |
| This is the total number of sectors requested to be read from this |
| partition. |
| |
| Field 3 -- # of writes issued |
| This is the total number of writes issued to this partition. |
| |
| Field 4 -- # of sectors written |
| This is the total number of sectors requested to be written to |
| this partition. |
| |
| Note that since the address is translated to a disk-relative one, and no |
| record of the partition-relative address is kept, the subsequent success |
| or failure of the read cannot be attributed to the partition. In other |
| words, the number of reads for partitions is counted slightly before time |
| of queuing for partitions, and at completion for whole disks. This is |
| a subtle distinction that is probably uninteresting for most cases. |
| |
| More significant is the error induced by counting the numbers of |
| reads/writes before merges for partitions and after for disks. Since a |
| typical workload usually contains a lot of successive and adjacent requests, |
| the number of reads/writes issued can be several times higher than the |
| number of reads/writes completed. |
| |
| In 2.6.25, the full statistic set is again available for partitions and |
| disk and partition statistics are consistent again. Since we still don't |
| keep record of the partition-relative address, an operation is attributed to |
| the partition which contains the first sector of the request after the |
| eventual merges. As requests can be merged across partition, this could lead |
| to some (probably insignificant) inaccuracy. |
| |
| Additional notes |
| ---------------- |
| |
| In 2.6+, sysfs is not mounted by default. If your distribution of |
| Linux hasn't added it already, here's the line you'll want to add to |
| your ``/etc/fstab``:: |
| |
| none /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 |
| |
| |
| In 2.6+, all disk statistics were removed from ``/proc/stat``. In 2.4, they |
| appear in both ``/proc/partitions`` and ``/proc/stat``, although the ones in |
| ``/proc/stat`` take a very different format from those in ``/proc/partitions`` |
| (see proc(5), if your system has it.) |
| |
| -- ricklind@us.ibm.com |