|  | """Generate cryptographically strong pseudo-random numbers suitable for | 
|  | managing secrets such as account authentication, tokens, and similar. | 
|  |  | 
|  | See PEP 506 for more information. | 
|  | https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0506/ | 
|  |  | 
|  | """ | 
|  |  | 
|  | __all__ = ['choice', 'randbelow', 'randbits', 'SystemRandom', | 
|  | 'token_bytes', 'token_hex', 'token_urlsafe', | 
|  | 'compare_digest', | 
|  | ] | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | import base64 | 
|  | import binascii | 
|  | import os | 
|  |  | 
|  | from hmac import compare_digest | 
|  | from random import SystemRandom | 
|  |  | 
|  | _sysrand = SystemRandom() | 
|  |  | 
|  | randbits = _sysrand.getrandbits | 
|  | choice = _sysrand.choice | 
|  |  | 
|  | def randbelow(exclusive_upper_bound): | 
|  | """Return a random int in the range [0, n).""" | 
|  | if exclusive_upper_bound <= 0: | 
|  | raise ValueError("Upper bound must be positive.") | 
|  | return _sysrand._randbelow(exclusive_upper_bound) | 
|  |  | 
|  | DEFAULT_ENTROPY = 32  # number of bytes to return by default | 
|  |  | 
|  | def token_bytes(nbytes=None): | 
|  | """Return a random byte string containing *nbytes* bytes. | 
|  |  | 
|  | If *nbytes* is ``None`` or not supplied, a reasonable | 
|  | default is used. | 
|  |  | 
|  | >>> token_bytes(16)  #doctest:+SKIP | 
|  | b'\\xebr\\x17D*t\\xae\\xd4\\xe3S\\xb6\\xe2\\xebP1\\x8b' | 
|  |  | 
|  | """ | 
|  | if nbytes is None: | 
|  | nbytes = DEFAULT_ENTROPY | 
|  | return os.urandom(nbytes) | 
|  |  | 
|  | def token_hex(nbytes=None): | 
|  | """Return a random text string, in hexadecimal. | 
|  |  | 
|  | The string has *nbytes* random bytes, each byte converted to two | 
|  | hex digits.  If *nbytes* is ``None`` or not supplied, a reasonable | 
|  | default is used. | 
|  |  | 
|  | >>> token_hex(16)  #doctest:+SKIP | 
|  | 'f9bf78b9a18ce6d46a0cd2b0b86df9da' | 
|  |  | 
|  | """ | 
|  | return binascii.hexlify(token_bytes(nbytes)).decode('ascii') | 
|  |  | 
|  | def token_urlsafe(nbytes=None): | 
|  | """Return a random URL-safe text string, in Base64 encoding. | 
|  |  | 
|  | The string has *nbytes* random bytes.  If *nbytes* is ``None`` | 
|  | or not supplied, a reasonable default is used. | 
|  |  | 
|  | >>> token_urlsafe(16)  #doctest:+SKIP | 
|  | 'Drmhze6EPcv0fN_81Bj-nA' | 
|  |  | 
|  | """ | 
|  | tok = token_bytes(nbytes) | 
|  | return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(tok).rstrip(b'=').decode('ascii') |